Essay on Monsanto Attempts to Balance Stakeholder Interests

Summary: Monsanto Company is the world’s largest seed company. They specialize in genetic manipulation of organisms. Monsanto was founded by John E Queeny in 1901 in St. Louis, Missouri. The company’s first product was artificial sweetener. At the start of World War 1, company leader realized the growth opportunities of industrial chemicals. In 1970’s, Monsanto had produced a chemical known as Agent Orange. Agent Orange contained dioxin; a chemical that caused a legal nightmare for Monsanto, a lawsuit was filed against Monsanto on behalf of hundreds of veterans. The repercussions of dioxin would plague the company for years. In 1981 Monsanto leaders determined that biotechnology would be the company’s new†¦show more content†¦Comply with all laws, and rules 4. Act in good faith 5. Respect the confidentiality of information 6. Share knowledge and maintain skills 7. Promote and be a good example of ethical behavior 8. Responsible use of and control over all assets 9. Promptly report to the General Counsel or Director of Business Conduct and conduct that is violation of law or business ethics Monsanto’s measuring up: Concerns about the safety of GM foods: †¢ One concern is toxicity, but despite the concerns, the FDA has proclaimed the GM food is safe to consumers. Concerns about Environmental effects: †¢ There are concerns about the roundup herbicide, which is used in conjunction with the GM seed. But studies have shown that the Environmental Protection Agency maintains that glyphosate is not dangerous at recommended doses. †¢ Another concern is that GM seeds could be carried off by the wind, bees and other insects to other areas. Monsanto has not been silent on these issues and has acted to address some of these concerns. Concerns about crop resistance to Pesticides and Herbicides: †¢ Critics fear that continual use of chemicals could result in â€Å"super weeds† and â€Å"super bugs†. a. To combat â€Å"super bugs† the government requires farmers using Monsanto’s products to create â€Å"refuges†. b. To prevent resistance to herbicide, farmers are required to vary herbicide use and practice crop rotations. Monsanto Ethics issues: InShow MoreRelatedCase Study 1: Monsanto Attempts to Balance Stakeholder Interests995 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study 1: Monsanto Attempts to Balance Stakeholder Interests This case involves Monsanto, the world’s largest seed company. This is no ordinary seed company, it specializes in the genetic manipulation of organisms, known as biotechnology. Weeds, insects, and drought have been a huge issue for farmers. Herbicides and pesticides were creators to keep pests off of plants, however, applying them proved to be expensive and time consuming. Monsanto answered this problem by creating seeds that containedRead MoreBusiness Ethics: Case Studies1238 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Business Ethics Table of Contents Case 1: Monsanto Attempts to Balance Stakeholder Interests. 3 Case 3: Wal-Mart: The Future is Sustainability. 4 Case 6: AIG: Coping with financial and ethical risks. 4 Case 7: Microsoft Manages Legal and Ethical Issues. 5 Case 1: Monsanto Attempts to Balance Stakeholder Interests. Monsanto is a world renowned organization dealing in agriculture products. The seeds produced by the business are genetically modified. The genetically modified agriculturalRead MoreEfficacy Of Monsanto s Ethical Culture1419 Words   |  6 Pagesissues remain relevant aspects for businesses operation and competitiveness. The elements aforesaid ensure that every firm has what it takes to connect well with the community to provide consistent market and productive relationship with other stakeholders. Monsanto Company that was in a tussle with the community over the production of the genetically modified products that seemed detrimental to the society responded by creating awareness to the people about the need for sustainable farming practicesRead MoreMonsanto Harvest with Fear5203 Words   |  21 PagesMonsanto Harvest With Fear Company Background Monsanto positions itself as a relatively new agricultural company having formed in 2002, and focused on supporting local farmers around the world. They also promote themselves as a guardian of the environment with a mission â€Å"to produce more food while conserving more† (Monsanto.com). Today’s Monsanto conglomerate also promotes itself as the â€Å"New Merchants,† a leading research company in the field of agriculture-crop production, as well as aRead MoreLas 432 Research Paper: Gmos20901 Words   |  84 Pagesto make plants resistant to various pests and thereby promote agricultural practice by making it easier for farmers to produce a greater amount of goods. The success of the laboratory methods motivated scientists to attempt further experiments. The next steps were taken to attempt to treat or cure diseases and illnesses by modifying the structures contained in certain organisms. Humulin insulin was the first FDA approved GMO in 1982. Diabetes mellitus type 1 occurs when the body’s immune systemRead MoreBioethical Issues on Genetically Modified Organisms (Gmos) in Malaysia: Biting Into the Legal Protection Under the Biosafety Act 20074399 Words   |  18 Pagesprotecting bioethical issues. Drawn from an ongoing doctoral research, the paper attempts to address the legal protection afforded by the 2007 Act and its most recently created regulation to bioethical concerns relating to GMOs within the current biotechnology terrain in Malaysia. Also, the paper suggests that the ambiguity of the provisions in the 2007 Act in protecting such concerns representing wider societal interests and welfare, would in some ways, vanquish the pr otectionist principles the 2007Read MoreCsr Communication in the Pharma Industry35538 Words   |  143 Pages CSR and Corporate Communication: a strategy of visibility 2.2.3. Communicating CSR 2.2.3.1. Challenges of CSR communication 2.2.3.2. CSR Communication strategies 2.3. Stakeholders and CSR 2.3.1. Concept 2.3.2. The importance of stakeholders for CSR 2.3.3. Categorizing the stakeholders 2.3.4. Stakeholder theory 2.3.5. Stakeholder map 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 11 11 13 13 13 15 16 18 20 20 23 23 27 28 31 33 38 40 40 41 42 43 45 2 CSR COMMUNICATION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Josà © JavierRead MoreTriple Bottom Line5612 Words   |  23 Pagesthat no one could protect it. We began using the term in public, with early launch platforms, including an article in the California Management Review on ‘win–win–win’ business strategies (Elkington, 1994), SustainAbility’s 1996 report Engaging Stakeholders and my 1997 book Cannibals with Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business (Elkington, 1997). In 1995, we also developed the 3P formulation, ‘people, planet and profits’, later adopted by Shell for its first Shell Report and now widelyRead MoreLas 432 - Genetically Modified Foods Essay14589 Words   |  59 Pagesnongmoshoppingguide.com; in order to help identify, avoid GM foods and find hidden GM ingredients on food labels. If you have an iPhone, download the ShopNoGMO guide for free from the iTunes store. Copyright of Better Nutrition is the property of Active Interest Media, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use (Smith, 2012,Read MoreThe Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility: a Review of Concepts, Research and Practice15551 Words   |  63 PagesResponsibility (BSR), for example, is a business association founded in 1992 to provide corporations with expertise on the subject and an opportunity for business executives to advance the ï ¬ eld and learn from one another. There has been an explosion of interest in CSR in the European Union and around the world. The London-based  © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and British Academy of Management. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden

The City Of New Orleans - 1805 Words

â€Å"New Orleans is unlike any city in America. Its cultural diversity is woven into the food, the music, the architecture – even the local superstisions. It’s a sensory experience on all levels and there’s a story lukring around every corner.† –Ruta Sepetys The city of New Orleans, Louisiana is a very different and special place. The population is about 390,000 based on the 2014 census. The city was named after the Regent to Louis XV, the Duke of Orleans in the early 1700s. It was established by French colonists and to this day has a strong resemblance of Spanish and French culture lingering in the old neighbor hoods in forms of architecture, music, food, and lifestyle. The architecture in New Orleans is very unique. The buildings are reflective of its rich history and melting pot of different heritages. The style of architecture is called Creole, which is a mix of Spanish and French architecture types. There are many types of house styles. These include Creole cottages, townhouses, shotgun style homes, double gallery homes, center-hall homes, raised-basement, and bungalows, are just a few types of popular housing styles in New Orleans. Creole cottages are one of the oldest types of homes that can be found in New Orleans. These small yet ornate styled homes can be found in many neighborhoods in the area. They are usually built in a 1-story way, with a roofline that slopes from the back to the front. These homes are typically built at the very edge of the propertyShow MoreRelatedThe City Of New Orleans922 Words   |  4 Pagescould be seen on the roofs of buildings across the city. A neighborhood TV channel reported New Orleans was encountering broad flooding due to levee damage, clean water was scarce, and the city was electrically deficient and was estimated to last for weeks. At day’s end, the Mayor of New Orleans described the considerable death toll with reports of bodies floating on the water throughout the city. The National Guard set up morgues all throughout the city. Coordination of rescue efforts days to come wereRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans971 Words   |  4 PagesWelcome to the city of Ne w Orleans, Louisiana! New Orleans is one of the most popular cities in the boot. This wonderful, distinctive place is the home of plenty of unknown special activities instead of what most know which is Mardi Gras. Believe it or not, New Orleans, is a go-to city for most events that many, if not most Northern Louisianan may not existence. In other states, people can come to a conclusion that all Louisiana natives are the same, but we vary around the state. New Orleans is differentRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans1709 Words   |  7 PagesThe City of New Orleans is a remarkable city and has enormous potential for expansion. The â€Å"Big Easy† has always been known for the French Quarter, yet New Orleans is so much more than just a â€Å"party city†. I suspect there is a demand to show the â€Å"family friendly† side of our city. My proposal is to offer new development in a vigilant and financially responsible manner, while offering a glimpse of the extraordinarily exciting and expansive visions that I hope to witness in the future. The marketRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans870 Words   |  4 PagesOn August 29, 2005, one of the largest hurricanes ever recorded hit the city of New Orleans, devastating millions and changing their lives and their city forever. The category 3 hurricane created mass displacement and mass destruction that the city has yet to fully recover from. The residents of this once lively and culture-filled city are still attempting to rebuild what was washed away for them ten years ago. Louisiana was home to many individuals who simply loved their state and it’s peopleRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans1471 Words   |  6 Pages In the city of New Orleans emerged one of the most influential music genres in the history of the United States of America. At the time, New Orleans was known for being a blending pot of people or rather, a location where people from all over the world came together in one place. This city served as a key seaport in the U.S. allowing for goods to be imported and exported. The purpose of this city was not only strategic to the growth of the country, but also allowed for the incredible mixing ofRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans2626 Words   |  11 PagesThe city of New Orleans lies below sea level in a bowl bordered by levees which prevent the high waters of the Mississippi River from flooding the city. These levees were put to the test on August 29, 2005 when Hurricane Katrina hit, causing severe destruction along the Gulf coast. Three c oncrete floodwalls protecting the city of New Orleans fractured and burst under the weight of surging waters from the hurricane, killing hundreds and resulting in an estimated $100 to $150 billion worth of damageRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans2342 Words   |  10 Pages Reactions The city is dead. Without a single person out in the street, and without the bright summer sunshine that wakes people up for another Monday morning. The city was completely gone; the city that used to burst with people and streets that were filled with energy is now empty but filled with filthy water. It was August 29, 2005, when the hurricane entered the warm water of the Gulf and grew to be a monstrous storm. So monstrous, that it destroyed anything in its path. The hurricane that weRead MoreThe Great City Of New Orleans2217 Words   |  9 PagesIn this great city of New Orleans, we have so many extravagant elements that distinguishes us from other cities. From Mardi Gras to the French Quarters to Canal St., they all play an important part in this city s history. The different historical statues we have scattered about the city also cause major attractions and either people love or hate them. Lately, four specific statues have been getting a lot of attention around town from not o nly the citizens, but from our very own mayor, Mitch LandrieuRead MoreNew Orleans: A Historic City849 Words   |  3 PagesNew Orleans is the largest city in Louisiana, it is located in the southern part of the state, between The Mississippi River and Lake Ponchartrain. New Orleans has belonged to Spain, France, and the United States. It was founded by the French in 1718. New Orleans has about 712 churches in all. It has about 165 city owned parks. New Orleans is famous for its French Quarter, with its mixture of French, Spanish, and native architectural styles. The Mardi Gras is a week of carnival held in New OrleansRead MoreComparison Between City London And New Orleans1094 Words   |  5 PagesI will compare my city London to New Orleans. I will investigate and compare them to each other which is going to be easy I hope you enjoy me explaining to you their similarities and difference. Landforms: New Orleans, Louisiana has a river named Mississippi Rivers, wet marsh land, Sabine uplifts are Shallow, muddy seas advanced and retreated over the coastal and river plains many times, and gray clay deposited under these seas now forms the aquifers of northern Louisiana. Which are and has no mountains;

External Fragmentation of Production †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discussn about the External Fragmentation of Production. Answer: Introduction: As any method has been loaded or eradicated from any block of physical memory Management, small holes in the memory spaces are created. This is referred to as the fragment. Because of this fragmentation, the systems fail to allocate the memory space that has been contiguous. This is done to a process though it has already requested the quantity of memory. However, this takes place in a contiguous way (Kim et al. 2016). This fragmentation gets further divided into two kinds, the internal and the external fragmentation. The Internal fragmentation is the space that has been wasted internally into the region allocated. The memory allocated should be little higher than that of the requested memory. In the external fragmentation the space that is wasted outside the region allocated (Dumitrasco 2016). Here the memory has been present in order to satisfy the request. However, it has been unusable due to its property which is contiguous. As the static portioning is planned, it would more likely suffer from the internal fragmentation. The dynamic partitioning on the other hand would suffer from the external fragmentation. The reallocation is to done before running any program. The assemblers or compilers have been typically generating the executable with the zero. This is the starting address which is also the lower most. Before the object code gets executed, the addresses are to be adjusted such that they indicate the proper addresses of run-time. The main advantage of this has been the optimizing of the memory. Thus the efficiency of the memory gets improved. One of the disadvantages is that the compaction has been needing capability of dynamic relocation. It has very much time consuming. It also complicates the managing of memory (Burka et al. 2013). TIME 10 11 15 50 85 100 105 120 3 16 8 1 18 4 15 12 3 16 8 1 18 4 15 3 16 8 1 18 4 3 16 8 1 18 3 16 8 1 3 16 8 3 16 3 The required order is 3, 16, 8, 1, 18, 4, 15, and 12. The LRU process has been simplified in nature. It has been maintaining Management status bit to determine the entries which has been valid. They are also used recently. As the entries become invalid, the unused recent entries get replaced. In the given case, the replacement orders of the pages are: The waiting time is the amount of time that has been spent for being ready to run. However, this has not been running actually. The turn-around time could be defined as the mean time starting from the submission till the finishing of the process (Sirohi, Pratap and Aggarwal 2014). The turnaround time for given process is T.A. (p3) = T (p3) + T.A. (p2) = T (p3) + (T (p2) + T.A. (p1)) = T (p3) + (T (p2) + (T (p1) + T.A. (p0))) = T (p3) + (T (p2) + (T (p1) + T (p0))) = 15+100+10+50= 175 References: Burka, P.W., Disher, J.M., Maier, D.J., Micic, A. and Sciampacone, R.A., International Business Machines Corporation, 2013.Compaction planning. U.S. Patent 8,621,171. Dumitrasco, M.I., 2016. Engagement of Republic of Moldova in external fragmentation of production Management.Browser Download This Paper. Kim, D., Won, Y., Cha, J., Yoon, S., Choi, J. and Kang, S., 2016. Exploiting compression-induced internal fragmentation for power-off recovery in ssd.IEEE Transactions on Computers,65(6), pp.1720-1733. Sirohi, A., Pratap, A. and Aggarwal, M., 2014. Improvised Round Robin (CPU) Scheduling Algorithm.International Journal of Computer Applications,99(18), pp.40-43.

Women And The Fight For Reform Essays (549 words) -

Women and the Fight for Reform Women in the late 19th century, except in the few western states where they could vote, were denied much of a role in the governing process. Nonetheless, educated the middle-class women saw themselves as a morally uplifting force and went on to be reformers. Jane Addams opened the social settlement of Hull House in 1889. It offered an array of services to help the poor deal with slum housing, disease, crowding, jobless, infant mortality, and environmental hazards. For women who held jobs, Hull House ran a day-car center and a boardinghouse. Addams was only one of many early reformers to take up social work. Jane Porter Barrett, an African American, founded the Locust Street Social Settlement in Hampton, Virginia, in 1890. Her settlement offered black women vital instruction in child care and in skills of a being a homemaker. Lillian Wald, a daughter of Jewish immigrants from New York City, began a visiting- nurse service to reach those too poor to pay for doctors and hospitals. Her Henry Street Settlement offered a host of vital services for immigrants and the poor. Wald suggested the formation of a Federal Children's Bureau. By the end of the 19th century, many women reformers focused on the need for state laws to restrict child labor. Young children from poor families had to work late hours in mines and mills and were exploited by plant managers. No state laws prevented the children from being overworked or abused. One of the first to challenge the exploitation of orphaned or dependent children was Sophie Loeb, a Jewish immigrant from Russia Once her father was deceased, she watched the desperation of her mother as the family slipped into poverty. As a journalist, Loeb campaigned for window's pensions when this was still a new idea. Helen Stuart Campbell, born in 1839 in New York, began her public career as an author of children's books. Then she used novels to expose slim life's damaging effect on women. In 1859 she wrote a novel about two women who break from their dependence on men and chart new lives. Campbell also wrote how easy it was fir women's lives to be ruined by poverty and despair. Some women went beyond advocating reform to promoting revolution. There are many other famous women who helped lead the fight to reform. Like Florence Kelley. In 1891 Kelley worked with Addams at Hull House and became an investigator for the Illinois Bureau of Labor, and then was appointed the U.S. Commissioner of Labor. In 1891 Kelley returned to New York City and worked with Wald's Henry Street Settlement and helped create the U.S. Children's Bureau. In 1921 secured passage of the Infant and Maternity Protection Act. More than anyone else, Ida B. Wells exposed lynchings as a crime against humanity. er 40 years of unrelenting effort failed to stop the crime and did not produce a federal anti lynching law. However, lynchings decreased by 80 percent after her campaign began, and her documented evidence on the crime of lynching and her commitment to justice roused the world's conscience. By the time Wells died in 1931, other women and men had picked up her touch. Word Count: 570

If You Havent Read These Short Stories, You Should

If You Havent Read These Short Stories, You Should Recently, the literary world has had good reason to become interested in short stories again. The Rogues anthology includes some great stories by George R.R. Martin, Neil Gaiman, Garth Nix and other literary greats meant to hold us over until Martin releases The Winds of Winter. This post wont harp on about those, because every blog on the face of the planet has tread that ground. The anthology is a reminder however, of short stories which have endured the test of time. These are some of the short stories that grab and dont let go, despite their age.The Swimmer, John Cheever (1968)The Swimmer is a masterclass in using language to convey a sensation, and an excellent introduction to surrealism. Though the initial events of the story are grounded in reality- a man in his prime taking it upon himself to journey home by swimming through all of the pools of his wealthy neighbors properties- it soon becomes a less literal experience. This work deals with class and social hierarchy, but tho se are the boring bits. The real meat is in Cheevers use of language to demonstrate the link between the primary ideas of his work. The concepts of alcoholism, swimming, wealth, and loss each blur into one another until it is unclear where one idea begins and the other ends. Read the swimmer slowly, and with an eye to the language used, and it wont disappoint.The concepts of alcoholism, swimming, wealth, and loss each blur into one another in Cheevers The Swimmer. Photo by Guduru Ajay bhargav from Pexels.The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1892)The Yellow Wallpaper is likewise, an introduction. This story is one of the earliest works of American feminist literature, and is written in the first person. This is a darker story, and can feel a bit stifling to read, but has been widely adapted to the stage. A performance often feels much more light-hearted than the brooding tone of the story, while conveying the deeper themes of the work undiluted. Suffice to say that this is an early discovery of feminist issues, written by a woman, from a womans perspective. It is especially concerned with the treatment of women by doctors, and by the men in their lives; and with the relationship between infants and their parents (both father and mother). A tense and sometimes horrifying narrative, The Yellow Wallpaper is worth the stress of reading it, and downright enjoyable on the stage.The Wendigo, Algernon Blackwood (1910)The Wendigo is a special type of horror which captures the sense and grandeur of the Canadian and American frontiers. Drawing inspiration from the myth of the Wendigo- a creature said to always feel hungry, and thus gorge itself unendingly- this story is slow to start, but offers a fully realized and captured sense of the loneliness and desolation of the wilderness, alongside the tensions which encourage belief in the supernatural. Readers who weather the introduction, and who appreciate the tension of the environment and the severe costs of dec isions in the wilderness, will be rewarded with a supernatural and surreal tale about what it means to be lost in the woods. This is a must-read for any Canadian or American who has found themselves beneath the snow-covered boughs of a forest in winter.The Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad (1899)The Heart of Darkness is a must-read, just as the movie it inspired- Apocalypse Now- might be considered a must-watch. The reason I suggest reading Joseph Conrad however, is not as a dry lesson in colonialism, but because like The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Heart of Darkness is a tale about how the journey changes the destination. Joseph Conrads contribution to literature, and his tale of men set off down a river, is so iconic that it is impossible not to see the reflection of certain scenes in other works- The Life of Pi, for instance, borrows Conrads imagery of encountering a tiger; and the recent film The Lost City of Z likewise draws strongly on the narrative tropes of the journe y into the unknown genre. For this reason, Conrads work cannot be overlooked, despite recent scholarly assertions that its depictions of colonialism have not aged well.The Black Cat, Edgar Allan Poe (1843)The Black Cat, sticks out as one of the greatest uses of an unreliable narrator in fiction- that is, the character telling the story has reason to avoid telling the whole truth. This story is ostensibly horrific, but is the kind of horror which creates dread rather than fear or disgust. It is written from the perspective of a condemned man, of arguable sanity, and follows the chain of events leading up to that characters crime and subsequent sentence to hang. What makes this story worth reading is the vivid descriptions of the narrators actions, which lead a reader to believe in the validity of the actions, despite ample reason to doubt that characters claims. Couple this with the symbolism throughout the short story, and a dark conclusion, and The Black Cat stands out as a special type of brooding horror, perfect for reading by candlelight. Of course, Poe is famous for stories like this, and those who enjoy The Black Cat should also read The Purloined Letter.The Magic Shop, H. G. Wells (1903)Stories like The Magic Shop, are astounding in their quickness. A very light read, this story will remind Harry Potter fans of the room of requirement. It is also an example of a short story which creates a world in your mind, building the size, and shape, and occupants of the eponymous magic shop until they stick out vividly in your mind. This story captures the sense of wonder present in a child watching a display of magic, and twists it ever so slightly so that undercurrents of danger lurk. For the scholarly minded, the story paints an interesting picture of masculine parenthood in the late 1800s.The Gift of the Magi, O. Henry (1905)This story is a classic; and even if few remember its name, almost everyone has heard it told (and retold). The Gift of the Magi is impor tant because it demonstrates the inherent value in self-sacrifice, and because it is one of the few short stories that is neither horror, nor suspenseful; but which builds a narrative in the span of less than three pages, and delivers an ending which reveals a magnificent amount about both characters in the tale, and about love in general. Of the stories here, this is one of the shortest, and is also the most likely to be enjoyed by any reader, whether for the first time, or as it sparks their memory of having read it- or heard it told- in the past.Beyond the Door, Philip K. Dick (1954)Beyond the Door is an exercise in weirdness and will leave the reader unresolved. A departure from Philip K. Dicks normally light tone, and from his normally science-fiction works. This is the amusing, strange, and violent tale of a cuckoo clock and adultery. A very quick read, Beyond the Door is recommended here because it is hard to make heads or tails of, and it certainly tells a unique tale about marriage and how relationships can fall apart when viewed differently from each side.The Bet, Anton P. Chekhov (1889)The Bet is another, like Beyond the Door, which may leave readers unresolved. It is a short, short story discussing the virtues of morality and wealth, via the narrative device of a bet between two men regarding which is the greater punishment: death, or life imprisonment. Each character involved in the bet- a lawyer and a banker- are flawed, and so the outcome is ambiguous in some ways, but poses questions about what was sacrificed during the bet, and why each character lost gained wealth or morality by having made the bet. The bet itself is meaningful, rather than simply the outcome.Chekhovs The Bet is a short, short story discussing the virtues of morality and wealth. Photo by Thgusstavo Santana from Pexels.Araby, James Joyce (1914)Araby is perhaps another must-read piece, especially because it deals with the conflict between imagined or ideal circumstances, and re ality. It is interesting because of the way children, particularly the child whose point of view the story is written from, are described. Often, characters are light, or glowing, or otherwise magical. This attribute is given to children, despite the environment they are being raised in, which is grim. As the story progresses, the idea that children are ideal is tarnished, and the outcome of the story can be interpreted in a number of ways. We might conclude that a journey to the Araby bazaar is a journey into adulthood and that the change in the protagonists perspective is one created by a coming of age; or else we can view all of the romantic ideals at the outset of the story as simply a falsehood or faà §ade, which was never truly indicative of what the boy was experiencing. In either case, Araby will likely leave a hole in your heart, and make you think about who you were when you were young- and of course, that means you should read it.To concludeThe stories here are classics, but also powerful. Most of them are quite short, and great for a bite-sized piece of literary snack while we wait for George R. R. Martin to finish his next full-sized novel; or just so we remember some of the short stories which have helped shape the stories being told now. Its always good to know where stories come from, and how they change.

Reach School College Admissions Definition

Reach School College Admissions Definition A reach school is a college that you have a chance of getting into, but your test scores, class rank and/or high school grades are a bit on the low side when you look at the schools profile. This article helps you identify schools that qualify as a reach. As you apply to colleges, its important to not underestimate yourself and rule out good schools simply because you dont think you can get in. On the flip side, it can be a waste of time and resources if you apply to colleges and universities that will certainly reject your application. What Colleges Qualify as a Reach? If the college requires standardized test scores, you should consider it a reach if your ACT or SAT scores fall below the middle 50% range presented in the college profile data.You should consider a school a reach if your GPA falls below the primary blue and green area in the ​admissions scattergram.You can get a good sense of your chance of admission by setting up a free account at Cappex.  You can sign up here: Calculate Your Chances of Getting In.You should always consider the  top U.S. colleges and top universities  to be reach schools. Most of these schools have such high admissions standards and low acceptance rates, that even top students with strong grades and standardized test scores are more likely to be rejected than admitted. How Many Reach Schools Should You Apply To? This is a tough question. More important is to make sure you apply to at least a couple  match schools and safety schools. Failure to do so might mean that you end up with nothing but rejection letters. Because reach schools end up being a sort of long-shot lottery, it might be tempting to think that applying to lots of reach schools improves your chances of getting into one. On one level, this logic is sound. More lottery tickets greater chance of winning. That said, the lottery analogy isnt entirely apt. If you bang out twenty generic applications for twenty reach schools, your chances of getting in will be slim. Students who succeed at getting into reach schools put time and care into each individual application. Your supplemental essay needs to present a clear, thoughtful, and specific argument focused on the specific features of the school to which you are applying. If a supplemental essay for one school could just as easily be used for another, you have failed to demonstrate your interest and you wont convince the admissions folk of your sincere interest in the school.   Also, make sure your reach schools really are places that you would like to attend. Every year the news covers the story of some interesting high school prodigy who got into all eight of the Ivy League schools. As impressive as this accomplishment is, it is also absurd. Why would an applicant apply to all the Ivies? Someone who is happy in the rural setting of Cornell University would probably hate the urban bustle of Columbia University. Reach schools are often prestigious, but prestige doesnt mean a school is a good match for your personal, academic, and professional interests and goals.   In short, apply to as many reach schools as you want, but make sure they really are schools youd like to attend  and make sure you can give each application the time and attention it demands. How Can I Improve My Chances at a Reach School? Apply Early Action or Early Decision. Admit rates are often more than twice as high than they are with the regular applicant pool.If an option, write a supplemental essay or send supplemental materials that clearly articulate why the reach school is a great match for your personality, interests, and goals.If you have a special talent, make sure your skills come across clearly in your application. A stellar athlete, musician, or politician has a skill set that can help make up for less-than-ideal grades and/or test scores.If you have a compelling personal story, be sure to tell it. Some applicants have overcome challenges that put grades and test scores into context and cause the admissions committee to consider the applicants potential, not just his or her previous performance. A Final Note: Be realistic when choosing a reach school. If you have a B- high school average, a 21 ACT composite, and very little on the extracurricular front, you are not going to get into Stanford or Harvard. Those universities are not reach schools; they are unrealistic fantasies. There are many excellent colleges and universities that will be a good match for you, but youd be wasting your time and application dollars by applying to schools that will certainly reject you.

World Hunger Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World Hunger - Research Paper Example It should be noted that most of the countries are spending huge amounts of money for conducting wars whereas their expenditure for wiping off hunger from their soil remains relatively low. Many people have the false belief that hunger is a problem only in developing and underdeveloped world whereas it is not a problem in developed countries such as United Sates. According to Usborne (2008), â€Å"28 million people in the US will be using government food stamps to buy essential groceries in the fiscal year 2008, the highest level since the food assistance program was introduced in the 1960s† (Usborne). Some people believe that United States is responsible for world hunger whereas many others are of the view that it is illogical to blame America alone for the world hunger. This paper analyses various reasons of world hunger and the role of America in contributing to world hunger. The main argument against America with respect to world hunger is that America is spending too much money for defense purpose and conducting wars. The current war on terror in Iraq and Afghanistan is causing huge poverty and food deficiency not only in the victim countries, but also in America as well. Being the only superpower in the world at present, America definitely has a huge role to play in eradicating world hunger. America has a decisive control over global economic and political matters. No other country enjoys the same power over global matters as America does. Even half of the amount spent for conducting war on terror can be enough for eradicating world hunger. It should be noted that America has a major role in the allocation of financial aids to poor countries from international bodies such as World Bank, IMF etc. Shah (2009) has pointed out that â€Å"being a major player of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, US actions can be felt around the world (Shah). However, United Sates is more interested in providing assistance to their allies and majority of t heir policies with respect to the dispersion of aids from international bodies are politically motivated. According to LaFollette, (2003) â€Å"decisions taken at one part of the world have economic ripples elsewhere† (LaFollette). In the current globalized world, the argument of LaFollette seems to be more relevant. It should be noted that the recent American economic crisis has been affected many other countries in different continents. Same way American policies and activities can cause severe problems to other countries, especially to the poor countries. In that respect also, one can argue that America is contributing heavily to global hunger or world hunger. Somali pirates believe that America like developed countries are dumping toxic wastes near their coastal region and destroying their marine wealth. As a result of that, poverty in Somalia and other African countries are increasing day by day since their major revenue sources is destroyed by America like countries. â €Å"Reports suggest that illegal fishing and dumping have disrupted Somalia’s coastal economy. Recent estimates by the United Nations suggest that Somalia may lose $95 million annually to illegal fishing† (Ploch et al, 2011, p.9). America on the other hand argues that they are not responsible for world hunger. They cite examples from Africa in order to substantiate their arguments. African countries are the worst, as far as world hunger in concerned. Majority of these countries do not have good governance and the autocratic administrators in this region are more interested in safeguarding their interests rather than safeguarding the interests of the

Compares and contrasts the interpretations of McClellans generalship Essay

Compares and contrasts the interpretations of McClellans generalship - Essay Example It is known that the common view in most books depict that the victory of the North in the Civil War is something inevitable due to mismanagement on the part of the South. Only few authors tackle the Civil War and the victory of the North in a perspective which emphasizes the North's dominance in terms of supplies, industrial infrastructure, and manpower. Thomas Rowland's George B. McClellan and Civil War History: In the Shadow of Grant and Sherman and James McPherson's Ordeal by Fire The Civil War and Reconstruction are two books which completely covers the Civil War and McClellan's generalship. Thus, it is interesting to know which information about George McClellan in the two books contradicts and which facts correspond with one another. Thomas Rowland's book revolves around George B. McClellan as a general and his contribution and role in the Civil War. Since the story revolves around him, the book covers his beginning--- from his previous work in the railroad to how he landed the position of a general in the Civil War. Initially, McClellan immediately attempted to get in touch with Winfield Scott, commander in chief of the American army, sending him several messages in which he suggested that the states between the Alleghenies and the Mississippi be organized as a military department under a head. On May 13, 1861, he received an order (dated May 3) appointing him to the command of the Department of the Ohio, consisting of Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois, with later additions of western Pennsylvania and western Virginia. On the other hand, McPherson's book tackles the Civil War as the focal point of the story, discussing only McClellan as one of the major contributors in the battle and North's victory. It covers all the facets of the war itself. Hence, the story covers the start of the Civil War which depicts the philosophical, social, political and economic political arguments that lead to the battle. Also, the book includes post-war events which include reuniting the nation and specifying the rights of the slaves from the South who have just gained freedom. In conclusion, the major difference between the two books is its approach on discussing the Civil War and McClellan's generalship. Rowland's work utilizes the inductive method of discussion as it focuses on McClellan while broadening the topic to the Civil War as it tackles McClellan's contribution to it. On the other hand, McPherson's work uses the deductive method ofdiscussion as its central subject is the Civil War and discussions of McClellan's generalship were only emphasized as the story narrates deductively from the Civil War to the figures who played important roles in it. Concerning McClellan's generalship, there are several points of agreement in the two books. Most importantly, both books confirm McClellan;s position as a general of the Department of the Ohio, which consists of Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois, Pennsylvania and Western Virginia and his contributions toward the Civil War. Also, the **other parts to follow Dec 31st, the

Pressure Ulcer Care Essay Example for Free

Pressure Ulcer Care Essay The aetiology of pressure ulcers is in some parts insubstantial due to the numerous influences that apply to the formation of a pressure ulcer. There are, none the less, a diverse array of contributing factors that have been proven to impair the structure of the skin and disrupt the healing processes, for example heart complications, lack of mobility, nutrition, sensory loss, temperature and age effecting the skins texture and strength. The most significant rationale behind the choice of clinical skill is to assist in the advancement of knowledge base, as Ali amp; Atkin (2004, p. 03) accurately specify, ‘we need to use our increasing knowledge base to transform service provision and provide better primary care’. As health professionals it needs to be realised that we are a vital link between patients and other specialised health care services, Morison (2001, p. 4) points out the importance of, ‘health care professionals as patient advocates in relation to tissue viability services’, if we do not make it our duty to be knowledgeable of what options our patients have it is impossible to administer care holistically as if our duty as a health care professional. In recent studies it has shown that pressure ulcers are most prominent with surgical patients, research has also shown that the surgical patient develops a pressure ulcer 8 times more than the non surgical patient (Pulskamp, 2007). Interestingly it shows that not only are pressure ulcers observed in older patients but just as often in the younger ago groups, with an increase in occurrence in those who receive neck and head surgeries (Bader et al, 2005), In a study is it is shown that adaptation to the operating table diminished sharply the incidence of pressure ulcer development. Bader et al found that often Pressure ulcers are observed after 2 weeks of being admitted, this then contradicts the theory that ‘pressure ulcers are caused by inadequate nursing care’, this then can only suggest that pressure ulcers develop during an operation, during periods of treatment or during investigations, for example X-ray departments where the mattresses are not adapted to the variety of different patients with a different variety of problems. To reduce occurrence and risk there must be put in place preventative measures in terms of risk assessments but as Pulskamp (2007) points out, ‘There is no validated tool to predict risk of pressure ulcers in the surgical patient’. There are numerous pressure ulcer risk assessment tools in use, yet none being significantly more preferred than others and each with particular strengths and weaknesses. In 2003 the National Institution for Clinical Excellence produced the guidelines, ‘pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention, including the use of pressure relieving devices (beds, mattresses and overlays) for the prevention of pressure ulcers in primary and secondary care’. They suggest that in order to maximise the effectiveness of the guidelines, they should be enhanced by implementing them in working partnerships such as tissue viability teams. The aim of the guidelines, as LittleJohns amp; Rawlins (2005, p. 9) highlight, are to ‘inform clinical practice and to direct clinical decision making in order to improve patient outcomes with regard to pressure ulcer prevention and management’. To encourage the use of this guideline the National Institution of Clinical Excellence suggest, ‘incorporating guidance into continuing professional development programmes (in order to) further encourage its use in clinical practice’ (LittleJohns amp; Rawl ins, 2005, p. 100). After initial implementation an audit was arried out which highlighted significant pitfalls in implementation of the guidelines in clinical practice, for example being unable to record timings or risk assessments, repositioning charts not being used and seating assessments n out being carried out, this highlights the need for flexibility in future risk assessments as clinical issues often arise and cannot be avoided in the busy schedules of health care professionals and can often become barriers to the effective implementation there for making the correct use of the guidelines impossible risks unattended concerning the patients. They also voice the fear that the guidelines are simplifying clinical decision making and urge professionals to adopt any particular recommendations in light of such issues as available resources, local policies, patient circumstance and updates research findings. The European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel quick reference guidelines on prevention for developing pressure ulcers (2009) have a in depth and diverse approach on the assessment of pressure sores and contributing factors, their guidelines investigate not only the treatment of pressure ulcers but use of pressure ulcer prevention devices and wound management with a grading system to reflect the severity of the sore. The advisory panel suggests that, ‘pressure ulcers need to be assessed in the context of the patients overall condition’, they also identify ‘nutrition, pain and psychosocial factors as potential areas of complication, looking into the localization, grade, size, wound bed, exudates, pain and status of the surrounding skin’ (Dealey, 2005, p. 138). One of the pitfalls of this particular assessment strategies is the actual analysis of the pressure ulcer itself, one must have gained adequate back ground knowledge and experience on the analysis of a sore and the most suitable wound management product (for example dressings or antibiotics if the wound appears infected) to truly be able to grade it, Dealey (2005, p. 142) herself discusses, ‘accurate assessment is necessary in order to select a suitable wound management product’.

Congenital Birth Defects Essay -- Genetic Causes, Chromosomal Abnormal

1.1 Congenital Birth Defects Birth defects, congenital abnormalities are terms used to describe developmental defects that are present at birth. There are a lot of genetic and environmental interactions in the complex transition from a fertilised ovum to a fully formed human being. The stage of development that the interactions are affected influences the type of birth defects. Birth defect causes can be divided into two types, genetic and environmental causes. There are also birth defects which are caused due to multifactorial inheritance (George, 2007). Genetic causes of birth defects It has been estimated that 25% of all birth defects are caused due to genetic factors and out of these 85% causes are known (Brent, 2004). Birth defects can be caused due to chromosomal aberrations, mutations in single genes and interactions of both environmental and genetic factors. Chromosomal aberrations are seen frequently as the complex mechanisms such as meiosis or mitosis are prone to error. Another frequent causative factor of multiple birth defects is chromosomal aneuploidy (loss or gain of whole chromosome). Multiple congenital anomaly syndromes are caused due to single gene defects (Prescott, 2001). Chromosomal abnormalities They may be numerical or structural and are important causes of approximately 5-6% of all birth defects (Young, 2005). These abnormalities may arise newly or maybe inherited from a parent with same chromosomal aberration. Numerical abnormalities are caused due to any deviation from the human diploid number of 46 chromosomes which is called chromosomal aneuploidy. This leads to multiple birth defects as it disturbs the action of multiple genes. Usually, numerical chromosomal abnormalities are resu... ...Synthetic lethality does indicate that when two genes have the same role and mutation occurs in them both making them non-functional only then it results in lethality. Moreover when both the genes have the same function in the pathway, each mutation in the genes diminishes the function of the pathway. Even though genome sequencing of mouse and humans are completed the function of a major part of the genomes are still unknown. An effective way to discover the gene function is by determining the consequence of mutations in organisms. This study focuses on congenital birth defects by studying the mutations in mouse genome causing developmental abnormalities which serve as models for human congenital birth defects. In this study an attempt is made to identify the genes that cause developmental defects and lethality thus aids the study of congenital birth defects.

Impacts of Internet to Youth Essay

The Internet is a household word in the West and is responsible for the wide dissemination of information all over the world. It is perhaps the greatest invention of the 20th century and gives great power to its users; with great power comes great responsibility, especially for youths. The Internet is a new medium for distributing information. It has its own culture, its own way of communicating, no law enforcement, no national boundaries as well as free access to every kind of information known to mankind. Its potential for good and evil is mind-boggling with the possibility of every household being connected. After the September 11th attacks on the United States, it was rumored that Bin Laden’s Al Qaeda organization used the Internet to covertly exchange messages to prepare for the attacks [Kelley, Jack. Terror groups hide behind Web encryption. USA today. 2001.05.20. Available on life. http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/2001-02-05-binladen.htm]. But the Internet has so far mainly served as a very valuable tool to bring mankind closer together and to remove some of the barriers inherent in the â€Å"real† world (such as expensive textbooks and far distances to travel to see someone). It has had a great impact on those countries that have adopted its use and provides some kind of measure of the gap between First World and Third World countries. But what exactly is the Internet? And what are some of its uses? And what are its impacts to the society especially youth? 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Many computer literate children and youth access the Internet daily for both educational and recreational purposes. While the Internet provides a wealth of positive information, there has been increased awareness of its potential dangers, especially to young people. To address concerns surrounding Internet safety, in 1999 the Internet Safety Group of New Zealand was established. The Internet Safety Group is comprised of a number of Community groups and government agencies. Their objective â€Å"is to offer Schools and libraries resources that will help them educate and protect children and Young people, and educate parents/caregivers on the safe use of the Internet.† (Internet Safety Group, 2000, p.3). There has been much discussion to date about the ‘unsafe’ Internet practices of youth. Empirical research in this area is however limited. Auckland Rape Crisis, as a member of the Internet Safety Group, wanted to increase their knowledge and understanding of how you th use the Internet, and more specifically what youth may or may not be doing to place themselves at risk as a result of being on-line. Thus, it is imperative to study on the impacts of Internet to youth in Tanzania. 1.3 IMPORTANCE THE STUDY 1. The study will help the researcher to have practical skills on conducting research. 2. The study will open room for other researches to be conducted on the field so as to identify what should be done to prepare youth to overcome the challenges of Internet. 3. The study will also help the government and stakeholders in policy making to review country policies concerning the usage of Internet. 4. The study will also reveal the danger associate to internet usage among youth in Tanzania. 5. The study will also reveal the danger associate to internet usage among youth in Tanzania as far as our culture is concerned. 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Specifically the study will focus on the following objectives: 1)To find out and analyze the level of youth awareness and competence in the use of Internet. 2)To identify different types of Internet services and their uses to youth in Tanzania. 3)To identify what are the positive and negative impact of internet to youth in Tanzania. 4)To identify what youth in Tanzania benefit from Internet usage. 1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study will focus mainly on identifying uses of internet among youth in Tanzania and how internet affect their behavior and their day to day activity plus revealing the advantages that they will obtain from the internet. To meet the goal the researcher will study and analyze critically youth behavior on using the internet, what services they prefer to use on the internet, what kind of Webpages they prefer to visit and how internet affects them. 1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The study is affected by the following limitations: a)Fund provided by the sponsor is limited hence the researcher will conduct the study in accordance to the fund available. b)Availability respondents and response from respondents will limit the researcher form getting relevant information at the right time. c)There is no enough proof of the information given by respondents, which might limit the research from meeting the objective of the research d)The availability of literature will affect the study. Few literatures may hinder the efficiency of the study. 1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The study will investigate on the following questions: 1.Are youth in Tanzania aware of the Internet and to what extent? 2.What service offered by Internet (web) do youth prefers? 3.How Internet influences youth behavior? 4.How does youth benefit from the Internet? STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS 1.Are youth in Tanzania aware of the Internet and to what extent? Hypothesis †¢Youth in Tanzania are aware of internet †¢Youth in Tanzania are not aware of internet 2.What service offered by Internet/web do youth prefers? Hypothesis †¢Youth prefer most of the services offered by the web. †¢Youth do not prefer most of the services offered by the web. 3.How Internet influences youth behavior? Hypothesis †¢Internet does influence youth behavior. †¢Internet does not influence youth behavior. 4.How does youth benefit from the Internet? Hypothesis †¢Youth does benefit from the Internet. †¢Youth does not benefit from the Internet.

How Does the Policing of the Past Compare to Present Techniques Essay

There are many way how the history of policing is related to community policing. Some way that the history of policing is related to community policing is better than others. Well as we know that community policing focuses on crime and social disorder through the delivery of police services that includes aspects of traditional law enforcement, as well as prevention, problem solving, community engagement, and partnerships. Community policing also model balances reactive responses to call for service with proactive problem solving centered on the causes of crime and disorder. Community policing requires police and citizens to join together as partners. The community policing had a strong history, during the history of policing. Community police increased interest in how to best involve citizens in the crime problems solution. They also increased experimentation on methods for preventing crime, including a number of studies on the impact of foot patrol. Community policing and variation on it have became the operating philosophy and underlie much of police practice today. Moreover, community policing has became a powerful organizing theme that continues to shape how police departments deliver services, particularly at the local level of government. The history of community policing began to relate to policing in the beginning in the early 1970s, police began to experiment with ways that putted them into closer interaction with the public. But, the community relation movement had begun in the late 1940’s and into the 1950’s. This then influenced this transition for policing, as did the rise of alternative forms of policing such as team policing. In both the community relations movement and team policing, there was an attempt to create more public support for the police, while at the same time providing them with a clearer role in community public safety.

Beatle Mania essays

Beatle Mania essays From the classical days of Mozart and Beethoven to the present day's 50 cent and Britney Spears, popular music has evolved from simple performances to a multi-billion dollar industry. The form of popular music itself has changed as well, ranging from the jazzy tunes of Billie Holiday to the rock-and-roll style of Aerosmith. Each artist has brought about a new sensation, a new twist to how things were done, which affected the artists to come. However, there is only one group that has single handedly reshaped an entire genre of music, and has become more popular than any before its time. The Beatles' repertoire of astounding music, their reshaping of rock-and-roll, and their affect on how things in the music industry were done have proven them to be the most significant people in the history of the world. The Beatles' countless hit singles have become modern-day folk songs, covered by hundreds of individuals and groups, and have sold more copies than those of any other band in history. Each album has its own style, none like the one before it, so their songs appeal to just about everyone. When one looks back to the 1960's, what does one think about? The Vietnam war and its resulting hippie protesters, the spawn of the Civil Rights movement, and the assassination of JFK all come to mind, as well as one more thing: Beatle Mania. The Beatles were an all-out craze amongst the youth of the 1960's, where thousands upon thousands of teens would attend their concerts only to scream in joy, drowning out the music they came to hear in the first place. The Beatles were everywhere: in the newspapers, on the radio and television, and on the bedroom walls of teenage girls. Their popularity was so widespread that full-length feature films, such as Hard Day's Night and Help!, dazzled on the silver screen featuring their music and their faces. In addition to being immensely popular, The Beatles also changed the...

Job Seekers Is Your Approach Holding You Back

Job Seekers Is Your Approach Holding You Back What’s the #1 thing standing in the way of some thwarted job searchers? Unfortunately, the answer may be closer to home than expected: themselves. The contemporary job market is trickier than ever and many pitfalls exist throughout the process, but there are also plenty of opportunities†¦ if you know how to capitalize on them. Read on to learn if your approach is holding you back from the job of your dreams. One Size Fits OneBack in the good old days of dot matrix printers and snail mail submission, job applicants might send off tens (even hundreds!) of identical resumes in the hopes of reeling in a response or two. This approach in today’s market is not only a waste of time, but demonstrates a lack of insight as well as many missed opportunities. Why? Because we live in the age of instant information.Your resume and cover letter aren’t just a chance to show off your skills; rather, they’re a chance to show why your skills are a match for a particular job. The best resumes are not a comprehensive detailing of everything you’ve done for the past 25, 10 or 5 years. Rather, they’re a showcase of your most relevant experience and skills. Every single resume should be customized specifically for the job for which you’re applying. Every word is an opportunity to get noticed so take your time and make it count.It’s Not About YouA hiring manager wants to get a sense of your skills, but the truth is these are meaningless in a vacuum. Instead, your interviewer is also looking to determine how your skills will fit into their particular company and corporate culture. After all, your experience is moot if it can’t be applied in the workplace.Don’t write a cover letter or go into an interview prepared only to talk about yourself. Again, this is a missed opportunity. Instead, be prepared to demonstrate that you understand the job, the company’s needs, and the company itself. Yes, you’re m arketing yourself†¦but beyond anything else, marketers know and understand their audience.Prep and ConquerTo put it bluntly: you have no excuse not to be prepared in the age of instant information. From websites to social media, everything you could possible want to know about a prospective employer is readily available for your consumption. Use it.The most successful candidates understand the company, its culture, and its market position. The least successful candidates remain obstinately and senselessly uninformed. It may seem like a waste of time to spend hours looking into a company where you may or may not eventually work, but it’s not. Think of the pre-interview research as an investment in your future, and the knowledge you learn as an asset you’ll take with you when you’re hired.Follow Up and Follow ThroughPicture this: you’re in the middle of an interview with a manager, and the discussion is going well. You’re conversing about the jo b, and you’ve had plenty of opportunities to demonstrate your skills, talents and experience. But don’t get too comfortable: yes, the interview is a chance for the company to get to know more about you, and you to get to know more about the company. But it’s also a test, and one of the quickest ways to fail it is to forget or neglect critical follow-up. If you’re asked to provide follow-up information or thoughts during an interview, make a note and follow-up immediately. Failure to do so - no matter how impressive the interview - is likely to send your resume into the shred pile.Job hunting today is anything but general or passive. The best candidates proactively revise themselves with every single job application - not just to make an impression, but to make the impression. Meanwhile, failure to incorporate these tips into your process can result in unhappy outcomes.

Change has to be planned and directed from the top or otherwise the Essay

Change has to be planned and directed from the top or otherwise the organisation would be out of control. Discuss reasons for agreeing and disagreeing with this statement. Use examples - Essay Example ever, in order to understand the needs of the organization and implement the required changes within the company, it is necessary that the leaders of the organization are capable of anticipating, identifying, strategizing, planning and implementing them in an organized and timely manner. While it might be of a general view that only the top management is more capable of planning and directing changes within an organization, studies have also focused on the fact that any individual who is a member of the organization might initiate a needed change. Moreover, in the present context of changing working environment, the employees prefer to get involved in the decision making processes as well (Stadtlà ¤nder, 2006, p.17). The present study focuses on an understanding whether organizational change has to be planned and directed from the top or otherwise the organisation would be out of control. Management of change within an organization requires considerate planning, performance and effective discussion as well with all those people who would be affected owing to the changes. The changes need to be sensible, attainable and assessable. The individuals or the authorities implementing the changes need to understand and manage the changes in such a manner such that the members of the organization can easily handle and accept those changes for the betterment of the organizational objectives as a whole. In this context, there is logical thinking necessary for the correct decision making. Thus, while considering such changes, the opinions and acceptance of all the people who might be affected also need to be considered (Change Management, 2012). It can be realized that in order to consider these above mentioned understanding and implementation of changes, matured minds would be required to take the decisions, to involve all other members in choosing the right changing policies. The employees or organizational members other than the top management might not have the sufficient

Audit framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Audit framework - Essay Example Operational audit a review of any part of an organization’s operating procedures and methods for the purpose of evaluating efficiency and effectiveness. And compliance audit – Auditing process is considerably broader than the definition of an audit of historical financial statements and encompasses many attestation and assurance service activities. Definition of auditing is also includes several key words and phrases. In auditing accounting data, the concern is with determining whether recorded information properly reflects the economic events that occurred during the accounting period. Because accounting rules are the criteria for evaluating whether the accounting information is properly recorded, any auditor involved with these data must also thoroughly understand those rules. To do an audit, there must be information in a verifiable form and some standards (criteria) by which the auditor can evaluate the information. Information can and does take many forms. Auditors routinely perform audits of quantifiable information, including companies’ financial statements and individuals’ federal income tax returns. Auditors also perform audits lf more subjective information, such as the effectiveness of computer systems and the efficiency of manufacturing operations. This is a case study for auditing Southern Rock, a high street UK Bank, registered in Southampton. Here audit partner in the firm is â€Å"APMC Auditors† has provided some questions to answer. Answers of the given questions are answered as bellow respectively: The â€Å"going concern† perception is one of the regulatory foundation stone of the financial accounting arena. The spirit of going concern express that the Balance Sheet of a company must be an echo the weight of that company as if it would stay in existence for and beyond the predictable future. In other words, the going concern concept also states that the company would

Consumer Behaviour in the Gangster Subculture Essay

Consumer Behaviour in the Gangster Subculture - Essay Example However, in the internal contexts, diversity is a tool that enables organizations to learn more about the tastes and preferences of different cultures. The main objective of this paper, therefore, is to stress the impact of cultures and subcultures in determining the management strategies employed by organizations. Given that the topic of cultural diversity issues a wide array of consumption behaviours, this paper will delve into the gangster sub cultural consumption behaviours, looking at how the cultural and sub cultural factors contribute to this consumption trend. Besides, the paper will give a detailed analysis of the characteristics exhibited by consumers belonging to this segment, hence giving a guide on how to tailor production and management processes of an organization to suit the expectations of these consumers. Indeed, this paper issues designers and innovators an insight on how to assess the viability and potentiality of their projects and ideas, putting into perspective the need for organizations to widen their market share by attracting and retaining more customers. Culture represents the external part that influences the consumer tendencies or behaviours. In this case, cultures are a representation of the effect of other individuals on a personal consumer choice. Culture is an independent set of factors that are shaped based on the beliefs and knowledge of the society. Despite this, other factors constituting culture are irrelevant in other societies, as they do not reflect the beliefs or knowledge of that society. In understanding the lives of the people within a culture, subcultures play a pivotal role. Therefore, subcultures are a representation of minor groups within a culture (Solomon et al., 2014). Numerous beliefs and knowledge sum up to form a culture. In many cases, subcultures are linked to the youth, as they have various beliefs that aid in the formation of many sub-groups.

Benefits of Quitting Smoking

Benefits of Quitting Smoking Group name: Anca Manaf, Asmita Ghale, Comfort Kumi, Hannah Cotton, Ma-Myo Thuzar. Introduction This essay attempts to discuss the health promotion activity on the benefit of quitting smoking. The assessment of health need, epidemiology, demography, current national or local health policies, identification of target group, approaches chosen will be discussed. Ultimately, this essay will evaluate the effectiveness of the health promotion activity. Assessment of health need Health need assessment (HNA) is an essential component of effective health promotion (Carroll, 2004). According to Cavanagh and Chadwick (2005), HNA is a systematic approach of recognising priority health issues, targeting the populations with the most need and taking actions in the most cost-effective and efficient way. MacDowall, Bonell and Davies (2006) stated, HNA is important for health promotion as it provide an opportunity to engage with specific populations and enable them to contribute to targeted service planning and resource allocation. Bradshaw (1972) therefore outlines the four main categories of needs; normative need, comparative need, felt need and expressed need. Hence, normative need was the chosen need for the health promotion activity. Consequently, this need was chosen for the health promotion activity as it is based on the opinion and experience of experts according to the current research and findings (Wills, 2011). They will provide advice, evidence based information, provide individual with range of services, techniques and support them throughout the process of quitting (Will, 2011). Epidemiology and demography, data and trends The number of smokers over the age of 16 in the UK is reducing, from a high of 45% in 1974 to 21% of men and 20% of women in 2010 (Rutter, 2013). Smoking is most common in those aged under 35; 32% in people aged between 20 and 24, and 27% in those aged 25 to 40 (Lader, 2007). It is least common among people aged 60 and over (Public Health England, 2012). Prevalence of smoking among people in the routine and manual socio-economic group (33%) continues to be higher than amongst those in the managerial and professional group (14%) (Public health England, 2013). In England, 2010-2011, 459,900 of NHS hospital admissions were attributable to smoking among adults aged 35 and over (ASH, 2013). Among pregnant women, smoking prevalence is highest for those under aged 35 (Penn and Owen 2002; Sproston and Primatesta, 2004). Smoking is the leading cause of preventable deaths and disease in the UK (Cancer Research UK, 2012). About half of all life-long smokers will die prematurely, losing on average 10years of life. Findings has shown that smoking related deaths are from; lung cancer, respiratory disease and circulatory disease (Huffman, 2003). This attributed to; 36% (22,500) of all respiratory deaths, 28% (37,400) of all cancer death and 14% (18,100) of all circulatory disease (Public health England, 2012). In 2011, there were a total of 442,759 deaths of adults aged 35 and over in England of which 79,100 (18%) were estimated to be attributable to smoking (ASH, 2013). Target group and why health promotion is required The target group for our health promotion activity is focused on smokers. This is because recent statistics has shown that smokers have a significantly increased risk of avoidable mortality and morbidity compared to non-smokers (Heidrich et al, 2007). Thus, Petrosillo and Cicalini (2011) identified that, the major causes of this excess mortality and morbidity among smokers are diseases that are related to smoking such as; cancer and respiratory and circulatory disease. Therefore, health promotion will be required as it is aimed at raising awareness of the health dangers of smoking and tobacco use, and encouraging smokers to try and quit, doing so in the most effective way (DOH, 2013) by providing motivational advice and support. Is smoking a public health issue Smoking is one of the biggest threats to public health, costing more than 120,000 lives per year in the UK (Peto et al, 2004). Behaviour factors affecting health issue Research identified ranges of behavioural factors that influence uptake and pattern of smoking (Nichter, 2003). Some of these behavioural factors include; addiction and attitude to smoking. Being addicted are commonly mentioned reasons for keeping people smoking (Siqueira et al, 2001). People tend to find it difficult to quit smoking because they are addicted to the effects of nicotine addiction. Research reports that smokers who consider themselves to be addicted to nicotine had not expected to become so when they had started smoking (Balch et al, 2004). Furthermore, smokers who have attempted to quit smoking experience withdrawal symptoms including; cravings, difficulty dealing with stressful situations, increased appetite, frustration, irritability and anxiety (Siqueira et al., 2001) Having more positive attitudes towards smoking has been repeatedly related to an increased risk of smoking (Buller et al, 2003). Smokers have more positive attitudes towards the mental effects, appearance features and are less concerned about negative physical and social consequences. Policies: A recent policy that was relevant to the health promotion activity was developed by DOH in 2013, called reducing smoking. Its stresses that high prices put people off smoking, most especially young people and people on lower incomes. Therefore, the government aims to continue to set tax rates high enough to discourage people from smoking, provide updated guidelines to make it easier for local trading standards and HM Revenue Customs officers to work in collaboration to enforce the law against fake and smuggled tobacco. The policy also highlighted that the government will continue to run ‘smokefree’ campaigns to encourage people to change their behaviour. In 2005, the WHO issued a global policy by developing a framework convention on tobacco control, which provides international cooperation to support tobacco control. The initiative of the policy is to protect the present and future generations from the devastating health consequences of tobacco consumption, by providing a framework for tobacco control measures to be implemented worldwide. The tobacco control measures includes; price and tax policies, bans on tobacco advertising, protection from exposure to second-hand smoke, education and public awareness measures, regulation of tobacco product contents and disclosures treatment for tobacco dependence, and measures to combat illicit trade. Approach Health promotion has been applied to wide range of approaches to improve health of people, communities and populations. Naidoo Wills (2009) acknowledged that there are five different approaches to health promotion, which are; medical, behavioural change, educational, empowerment and social change. However, the approach chosen, to this health promotion activity was the educational approach. This approach was chosen to provide knowledge and information to the target group on the benefit of quitting smoking, the support available and develop the necessary skills in order to enable them make well-informed and rationale choices about their lifestyles and behaviour (Gottwald Brown, 2012), through provision of leaflet, visual displays and one-one education. Health belief model (1974) proposed that, people need to have some kind of cue such as; one-one-education, distributing of leaflet, mass media campaign, to take action to change behaviour or make a health-related decision. This informa tion provided will help them explore their values and attitudes and a willingness to change behaviour and lifestyles. An advantage of educational approach is that, it enables individuals to develop their knowledge and change their attitude (Gottwald Brown, 2012). However, Naidoo Wills (2009) expressed that; educational approach can be time consuming and individual may not make healthy choices. Aims and objectives The aim for the health promotion activity is to promote smoking cessation by increasing awareness of the benefits of quitting smoking. The SMART objectives were; by the end of this session, the participants will understand three benefits of quitting smoking, be able to name two diseases caused by smoking and be aware of where to get help. Evaluation Evaluation is an essential element of systematic programme planning (Timmereck, 2003). It is important to assess whether an activity has met its objectives and find out if method used were appropriate and efficient, as it will give a sense of achievement and help work out ways to improve for future (Raingruber, 2014). Therefore, Naidoo wills (2009) identified that, there are three stages of evaluation; process, impact and outcome. Process evaluation involves assessing the activities in the program and quality of the program (Naidoo Wills, 2009). The group used posters, leaflets, NHS free quitting kits, cigarette timeline, AR lung website and one-one communication to address different learning styles, providing information to the target audience that came to the stand. Findings on learning styles Kolb (1984) has shown that people learn differently, so using a range of styles allow for the use of range of learning experiences to help learners develop a wider repertoire than their usually preferred style ( Bunton Macdonald, 2002). The posters were colourful, and clear at first glance, appealing and had catchy slogans to attract the attention of the target group. Koelen, Anne Ban (2004) suggested that, posters should be eye-catching, appealing and stimulate the viewer to think about the content of the message in order to achieve the desired objectives. Leaflets were distributed to the target audience during the one-one communication and education. According to Koelen, Anne and Ban (2004) leaflet may have a meaningful function following interpersonal communication. This leaflet comprises of information of the health benefits of quitting smoking, advice on how to stop smoking, stop smoking service and getting professional support. Therefore, this will enable them to re-read the information given at own pace and at the moment they have a need for this information. The NHS free quitting kit was employed by the group of health promoters to the target audience to help them think about reasons for quitting and recognising the triggers that can make them crave cigarettes, improving their chances of quitting successfully. The NHS free quitting helped the target audience work out how much money they will be saving by quitting. The cigarette timeline contained information of the health benefit of quitting smoking and the healing process, that is, what happens in the body when a person stops smoking. The AR lung website was used as a shock tactic to demonstrate to the participants the damage smoking does to their lungs. In addition, the group communicated effectively with the participant, ensuring that the language used was clear, understandable and Jargon free to convey messages (Lehman Dufrene, 2008). Impact evaluation involves measuring the immediate effects of the program (Naidoo Wills, 2009). In measuring the effect of the activity, questionnaires were handed out to the participants to collect immediate feedback and assessed their level of knowledge at the end of the activity (Powell, 2009). It consisted of few questions that assessed the participant’s on their knowledge and understanding of the benefit of quitting smoking. The data collected showed that, 93.3% of the participants were able to name three benefit of quitting smoking. 80% of the participant answered the questions correctly in regards to diseases caused by smoking. 40% of the participant knew the three available services of helping people to quit smoking. 100% thought the activity was very useful; however, this may not be accurate as participants may find it difficult to give negative feedbacks due to the presence of the group. 60% of the participant did not suggest any further improvement for the activity; nevertheless, 40% requested for free freebies. The second and third questions were misinterpreted by the participant which may have been the reason why 80% incorrectly answered the question. Therefore, in future when writing the questionnaire, the health promoters will ensure the questionnaires are re-framed in a much easier format, to aid easy understanding. The table was not big enough to contain all our leaflet, therefore In future, a bigger table will be deemed necessary for any future health promotion activity. Also, the group will have more interactive game and free freebies to attract more participants to the campaign. Outcome evaluation involves measuring the long-term effect of the program (Naidoo wills, 2008). The outcome will be unrealistic to measure as it will be difficult to gather participants together again due to the small scale of the activity, lack of resources necessary for undertaking the survey and time to assess participants in the future. Boltz (2012) suggested, outcome evaluation is more complex, difficult, costly and time consuming to implement. Therefore, HP activity on the benefit of quitting smoking can be carried out in the hospital and community, as supported by Youndan (2005), nurses are in frequent contact with smokers in the community and hospital, therefore, the role of nurse as a health promoter is important. WHO (2014) suggested that, smoking is one of the biggest threats to public health; hence, nurses are in a major position to help people quit by offering encouragement, providing information and refer them to smoking cessation services. In addition to Christensen ( 2006), nurses have a wealth of skills and knowledge and must be able to use this knowledge to empower people to make lifestyle changes and choices. These skills include; excellent communication and negotiation skills, caring and empathetic, non-judgemental and counselling skills (priest, 2013). Conclusion Health promotion is carried out in order to enable individual increase their control and improve their state of health. Undertaking this health promotion activity has broadened student’s understanding on the important of health promotion in nursing. WORD COUNT: 2, 197 References: Ash. (2013). Smoking statistics: Illness and death. Retrieved April 25, 2014 from http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_93.pdf Balch, G. I., Tworek, C., Barker, D. C., Sasso, B., Mermelstein, R. J., Giovino, G. A. (2004). Opportunities for youth smoking cessation: Findings from a national focus group study. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 6 (23), 9-17. Boltz, M. (2012). Evidence based geriatric nursing protocols for best practice. (4th ed.). New York: Springer publishing company. Bradshaw, J. (1972).Ââ€Å"A taxonomy of social need, Problems and progress in medical care. † (7th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press Buller, D.B., Borland, R., Woodall, W.G., Hall, J.R., Woodall, P. Voeks, J.H. (2003). Understanding factors that influence smoking uptake. Tobacco Control, 12 (16), 25. Bunton, R. Macdonald, G. (2002). Health promotion: disciplines, diversity, and developments. (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. Cancer Research UK. (2012). Smoking. Retrieved April 25, 2014 from http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/lung/smoking/lung-cancer-and-smoking-statistics Carroll, P. (2004). Community health nursing: A practical guide. Canada: Delmar, division learning. Cavanagh, S. Chadwick, K. (2005). Health needs assessment: a practical guide. London: National institute of health and clinical excellence. Christensen, M. (2006). From expert to tasks, expert nursing practice redefined? Journal of Clinical Nursing, 15(11), 1531-1539. Department of Health. (2007). Review of the health inequalities infant mortality PSA target. London: Department of Health. Gottwald, M. Brown, J.G. (2012). A guide to practical health promotion. London: open University press. Heidrich, J., Wellmann, J., Heuschmann, P., Kraywinkel, K. Keil, U. (2007). 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Essay --

More than 205,000 new drugs are introduced in markets worldwide every year after undergoing various acceptance tests. Over decades, a large number of animals have been utilized for testing new drugs on them, so as to spare human life. This can be proved from the fact that early physician, scientists, such as Aristotle and Erasistratus performed experiments on living animals. Similarly, Galen who was a giant in the history of medicine conducted animal experiments to advance the understanding of Anatomy and the Pathology physiology. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) introduced animal testing as an experimental method for testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients. But in the recent years, it is observed that the practice of using animals for drug testing has come under rigorous criticism by the animal protection and animal rights groups. Truly medications and different medical items are routinely tried on animals before they are introduced into markets and used for human . Wh ile I tend towards the perspective that animal testing maybe ethically wrong, still I would have to support a limited amount of animal experimentation for the development of medicines keeping in mind the advantages of doing rather than just focusing on the negatives. Humans and animals transmit several sicknesses, and subsequently animals can act as models for the investigation of human ailment. For instance, rabbits experience the ill effects of atherosclerosis (solidifying of the arteries) and also infections, for example, emphysema, and life commencement surrenders, for example, spina bifida. Cats suffer from the ill effects of disease, diabetes and ulcers which make them candidates for exploration into these issue. From such models we figure out h... ...ing on animals such as using technological advances such as computer modeling, animation and simulation, epidemiology, in vitro research, virtual drug trials, micro dosing technologies, human cell and tissue methods, â€Å"human-on-a-chip† technology and post-marketing drug surveillance. Scientists have now started to adopt non animal testing methods around the globe. In some medical schools and universities animal testing have been totally replaced by the technological machines which is an advanced invention by the mankind. In conclusion, it can be said that regardless of development in the medical field , it is now time for a change using animals as default method for testing new innovation on animals must be stopped step by step. It might be wrong to completely boycott testing on animals for essential medicinal research until appropriate alternatives have been created. Essay -- More than 205,000 new drugs are introduced in markets worldwide every year after undergoing various acceptance tests. Over decades, a large number of animals have been utilized for testing new drugs on them, so as to spare human life. This can be proved from the fact that early physician, scientists, such as Aristotle and Erasistratus performed experiments on living animals. Similarly, Galen who was a giant in the history of medicine conducted animal experiments to advance the understanding of Anatomy and the Pathology physiology. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) introduced animal testing as an experimental method for testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients. But in the recent years, it is observed that the practice of using animals for drug testing has come under rigorous criticism by the animal protection and animal rights groups. Truly medications and different medical items are routinely tried on animals before they are introduced into markets and used for human . Wh ile I tend towards the perspective that animal testing maybe ethically wrong, still I would have to support a limited amount of animal experimentation for the development of medicines keeping in mind the advantages of doing rather than just focusing on the negatives. Humans and animals transmit several sicknesses, and subsequently animals can act as models for the investigation of human ailment. For instance, rabbits experience the ill effects of atherosclerosis (solidifying of the arteries) and also infections, for example, emphysema, and life commencement surrenders, for example, spina bifida. Cats suffer from the ill effects of disease, diabetes and ulcers which make them candidates for exploration into these issue. From such models we figure out h... ...ing on animals such as using technological advances such as computer modeling, animation and simulation, epidemiology, in vitro research, virtual drug trials, micro dosing technologies, human cell and tissue methods, â€Å"human-on-a-chip† technology and post-marketing drug surveillance. Scientists have now started to adopt non animal testing methods around the globe. In some medical schools and universities animal testing have been totally replaced by the technological machines which is an advanced invention by the mankind. In conclusion, it can be said that regardless of development in the medical field , it is now time for a change using animals as default method for testing new innovation on animals must be stopped step by step. It might be wrong to completely boycott testing on animals for essential medicinal research until appropriate alternatives have been created.

Eliezer’s Relationship with His Father Essay

In his book, Night, Elie Wiesel spoke about his experience as a young Jewish boy in the Nazi concentration camps. During this turbulent time period, Elie described the horrifying events that he lived through and how that affected the relationship with his father. Throughout the book, Elie and his father’s relationship faced many obstacles. In the beginning, Elie and his father have much respect for one another and at the end of the book, that relationship became a burden and a feeling of guilt. Their relationship took a great toll on them throughout their journey in the concentration camps. As the story begins, Wiesel said, â€Å"My father was a cultured man, rather unsentimental. He rarely displayed his feelings, not even with his family, and was more involved with the welfare of others than with that of his own kind†. Chlomo, Elie’s father, was well respected in the Jewish community of Sighet. In Sighet, numerous members of the community came to meet with him for many unknown reasons. Wiesel felt that his father devoted too much time to make others happy and not enough to time with his own family. When Elie decided to take his studies of religion into greater exploration, his father dismissed his idea and claimed that he was too young. This is proof that the two did not have a strong bond but many different views of how to do things in life. Their lives took a turn for the worst when the Wiesel family were forcefully taken and placed into cattle cars to Auschwitz, a concentration camp. Elie’s view began to change and he started to see his father as someone who he admires and did not want to lose. As the family arrived at Birkenau they are given the order â€Å"Women and children to the left. Men to the right. † Elie was young and could have gone with either his mother and sister or father, but instead he decided to stay with his father who would have stayed all by himself if Elie had not joined him. At this moment, he realized that he must hold on to his father in order for them to survive this nightmare. On their arrival at the camp, Elie’s father has an attack of colic and asked where the toilets where located. The Gypsy who was in charge, punched his father with such intensity that he fell down and squirmed back to his place in line. â€Å"I stood petrified. What had happed to me? My father had just been struck, in front of me, and I had not even blinked. I had watched and kept silent. † Wiesel goes through a rollercoaster of emotions when dealing with his father. At times, Chlomo became his only hope and the only reason that he did not die. At other times, he felt that his father was a burden and was pulling him down. He couldn’t march well or keep up with the others. Through all of this despair and anguish their bond became stronger than ever. When the Russians were close to Buna the Germans rounded up all the prisoners they could and evacuated the camp. Elie was in the infirmary due to an infection on his foot, but all he could think about was staying close to his father. They had already suffered and endured so much that it was not the time to be separated. After many days of running, marching, and a long train ride under horrendous weather they reached Buchenwald. By then Elie’s father was already sick and weak. The sirens began to wail and they were chased into the blocks. At this point, sleep was all that mattered to Elie, not his father. When Wiesel awoke the next morning he realized that he had forgotten his father and went out to look for him. He thought if he didn’t find him he would be able to use all his strength to continue his fight for survival†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Instantly, I felt ashamed, ashamed of myself forever†. Before his father died, Elie only heard his name â€Å"Eliezer†. Wiesel became haunted by this experience and tells the horrific events of the Holocaust hoping that no other person will ever have to experience a situation with their family like this again. In the end, Elie Wiesel who survived this terrible experience of the Holocaust learned that even in tough times small indifferences don’t seem to matter.